Who are the biggest winners and losers in a globalised world

Who are the biggest winners and losers in a globalised world The world is increasing influenced by Multination Corporation and global brand. Nowadays, the idea that globalisation produces winners and losers are widely accepted. The winners and losers from globalisation can separated into two general categories. One is developing countries and the other one is developed countries. In this essay I will prove there are significant more winners than losers in globalization. The developed countries or developing countries all are being benefited by globalisation. Definition of globalization According to one of most popular definitions which International Monetary Fund(IMF) are given, globalisation is the process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies. Globalisation is not a recent phenomenon. In 1962, the term globalization was first time come forth to the journal called The Economics. However, at that time globalization more likely as a term to use by economists rather than popular words can be found everywhere. Globalisation can be defined as following aspects: free trade, foreign investment, organizational change in corporate sector and technological change. Trade make an important role in globalisation. According to Charles and McGraw (2008), the Great Depression of the 1930s was caused by highly barriers in international trade. Government who govern their countries constrained the exports goods and labour services to other countries and high imports taxation rate to protect their domestic manufactures. Due to this experience, after World War II, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are founded and made big impact in global trade market. World Trade Organisation (WTO) was established by GATT which make global trade system lower barriers through the principle and rules they negotiated. Free trade could reduce overall costs of production due to the imports; which company can purchase cheaper resource and workforce. Ultimately, free trade can cut our living costs and improve our living standards. Furthermore, free trade gives customers more choice on which products they are willing to buy. Because of free trade, we can get wider c hoice on domestic productions or international productions. Opening the domestic economies to foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important part of globalisation. The evidence (Charles and McGraw, 2008) suggests that FDI is making a significant role in the global economy. The outflow of FDI increased faster which from $25 billion in 1975 to $1.2 trillion in 2000. The multinational company made a significant influence in FDI. There has been a big change in the nature of the company due to the globalisation of the production and distribution. Corporations are now becoming part of global supply chains which spread their productions. As an international company they must adapt the international business environment quicker than domestic firms. Hence, they change their corporate strategy frequently. According to Charles and McGraw (2008) the role of technological change has made globalisation become more reality. Since the end of World War II, the world technological dramatically improved through Internet, telecommunication and transportation. Those improvements provide better condition for globalisation world widely. Winners in the developed countries Many people believe globalisation make developed countries become to loser due to off-shoring. Large employment opportunities are moving to developing countries because of cheaper labour costs. Off-shoring made lots of job lost in developed countries. However, all coins have two sides, job losses in the developed countries do not means all negative sides in globalisation. According to Charles and McGraw (2008), when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established in 1994, clothing prices in the United States have decreased. For instance, blank T-shirts wholesaled for $24 a dozen in 1994 but now they only sell $14 a dozen. The lower prices on production are benefit for most of American who have more money to spend on other times. Generally speaking in economic aspect, most MNEs are come from developed countries, which through FDI to expand their capital and make huge profits. FDI and free trade provide opportunities to MNEs gather cheaper raw materials and workforce which reducing the overall costs of productions. Most of the MNEs have more advantages because their enough capital and high technology supported. Therefore, MNEs will establish subsidiaries in FDI countries and sell these products with high price directly which can make large profits. Multinationals benefit most from globalisation according to 87% of EU citizens. Nowadays, MNEs seem as the leader in developed countries economics, they occupied large parts of domestic market. MNEs doing their business development well which can reflect the developed countries are winners from globalisation as well. Overall, developed countries are winners in globalisation, they gains outweigh the losses. Winners in the developing countries According Lancaster (2000), the six billion people in the world which have five billion people live in developing world. How much impact of globalisation on this countries and people? There are many argument about winners from globalisation in booming are not necessary shared equally in the global wide. When the distributions are not equally, the developing countries might become losers due to their poor condition on economy and politics aspects. Peaceful and stable are essential for developing countries in long-term development. If trade flows could improve smoothly and countries enjoy that peaceful relationship, it might avoid many political and economic conflicts between countries or regions. WTO is an important organisation in globalisation that makes vital roles to keep world peace. Most of developing countries are following WTOs principles and rules to trade and investment. Due to this peaceful environment, developing countries can concentrate on their trade market and economic development. Moreover, investment and trade are increased dramatically since 1990. There are more and more foreign direct investment in developing countries such as China, Indian, Mexico, and Thailand. Investments in those countries provide large employment opportunities and increase their exports and growth rate therefore improve overall standard of living. The Asian countries financial crises in the 1997 made many experts to fight globalisation become stronger. They believe developing countries are losers in globalisation. However, the experience of China has been used as a good example to prove they are the winner of globalisation. Before reform, China was the world most important opponent of globalisation which is not opening their trade market. Since 1979, reform policy made Chinas economic become most competitive and booming country in world widely. According to Michael Dauderstà ¤dt Jà ¼rgen Stetten (2005) purchasing power parity in China is ranks secondly after America. Share of world trade increased from approximately 1% to almost 6% between 1979 and 2003. Since 2001, China access to the WTO which provide better free trade market environment and also become more competitive in international market. In a word, Chinas experience in opening up reveals in what way a developing country can become winners from globalisation. Beside s, China gives other developing countries more confidence to support free trade market and globalisation. Conclusion In conclusion, both of developing countries and developing countries are winners eventually. Through free trade, foreign direct investment and organisation, world village becomes more and more possible. Whereas lose employment opportunities due to off-shoring or many domestic firms are bankrupted due to MNEs, which can not stop the globalisation steps. As we have demonstrated that there are significant more winners than losers in globalisation. The number of words: 1196

Novel Compared to Movie Adaptation Essay

Film adaptation or movie adaptation has been a widespread practice in cinematic tradition around the world. Majority of such adaptations are made from fictions, primarily novels. Some of the other popular sources include autobiography, plays, scriptures and comic books. When a novel is adapted for movies, there are certain techniques deployed to give it a cinematic appeal. Inventing new characters and altering scenes fall into the category of primary adaptation techniques. Sometimes it is also noticed that an insignificant character in the novel is given a prominent part to play in the film. Novels with exteriority and physically dynamic structures are most commonly adapted for filming. Thus, modern novels with their intricate literary devices (such as stream-of-consciousness, internal monologues, etc. ) are difficult to make fit for movies. While changes are mandatory due to time constraints and nature of the medium, extreme care must be taken so that the original essence of the novel is not compromised. However, one school of thought argues that the director should treat the film separately from the novel as both are completely different works of art. Accurate arrangement of a novel at the time of filming is virtually impossible since both speak different literary languages. Contrary to this perspective, another school of thought steadfastly believes that the film must retain either the thematic or the aesthetic sense of its source. Changes should only be made wherever necessary. This doctrine lays more emphasis on the faithful reproduction of the source content. This article is going to make a comparative analysis between Fannie Hurst’s Imitation of Life and its cinematic adaptation of the same title directed by Douglas Sirk. One of the cardinal aspects of movie adaptation that every director must keep in mind involves the risk of taking the viewers away from the fiction: â€Å"It has been argued that these displays of technique and artifice make it difficult to respond affectively to art since they create distance between the fiction and the viewer. † (Sirk et al. 207) Cinema is quintessentially a self-reflexive form of art having a vast scope of expression. This freedom, if used discreetly and masterfully, may make an ordinary source look splendid. The novel Imitation of Life focuses not just on the crude nature of racism in America in the beginning of the twentieth century, but also, and perhaps on a more serious note, holds in view the limitations of the new women. Peola, one of the main female characters in the novel, represents the tragic predicament of being â€Å"neither black nor white yet both†. (Hurst et al. xxv) Her persistent struggle to live without black identity makes her suffer from the inconsolable loss of her mother. At the same time, Bea also gets entangled between career, romance and motherhood. She has to give up love and care for her daughter Jessie to pursue her career. The two sets of mother-daughter relationships portrayed in the novel, Bea-Jessie and Delilah-Peola, imply a subtle message which Hurst seeks to convey in the novel: a woman can’t â€Å"have it all†. (Hurst et al. xxv) The movie by Douglas Sirk does not deviate from the main plot of the novel to a great extent. Characters and conclusions in both cases are same, but the background is changed in the movie to suit the nature of time it depicted. It might be noted that the novel was written in 1933 whereas the movie was released in 1959. The identities of Lora and Annie as widowed single mothers are kept intact in the sense that Bea and Delilah are also shown as widowed single mothers in Hurst’s novel Imitation of Life. The cinematic counterparts of Jessie and Peola are Suzie and Sarah respectively. Lora’s fiance Steve is an adaptation of the character of Frank Flake in Imitation of Life. The movie Imitation of Life, as observed by Andrew Sarris in Film Culture, is characterized by an apparent notion of impossibility which Sarah wants to achieve – white skin. (Handzo 1997) If one attempts to make a comparative analysis between the movie and the novel, the element that comes to the fore is the introductory part. Sirk Douglas does without the elaborateness of Fannie Hurst in narrating the backdrop of Lora’s previous life when she was married. In the beginning of the novel, Bea is shown as a spinster who marries Benjamin Pullman. The subsequent chains of events that lead to Bea’s struggle for survival with an infant daughter are excluded from the movie. It opens with Lora’s soaring ambition of becoming a Broadway star – a curtain raiser which is followed by three social scenes the filmmaker conjures: â€Å"women and work, race relations, star mythology†. (Sirk et al. 27) In this sense, the movie mirrors the content of the novel in a threefold manner. To quote Sirk, â€Å"The mirror is the imitation of life. What is interesting about a mirror is that it does not show yourself as you are, it shows you your own opposite. † (Sirk et al. 3) As far as cinematic approach is concerned, the abrupt opening may be attributed to time constraints as well. However, the movie diverts from the novel in one critical aspect. While Bea pursues a successful career of businesswoman, Lora takes a different course altogether. Unlike the world of literature, the world of showbiz uniquely demands dynamism of action and hence, the characterization is justified per se. Another argument that can be cited with regards to the altered career path of the main protagonist of the movie is the shifting social climate in the times it was released. It was difficult for the filmmaker to envision his heroine as the owner of pancake restaurants. Moreover, during that phase many Afro-American actors were striving to put behind the stereotyped roles of household attendants. So changes in the storyline are especially reflected in the characterization of Annie. In addition to being a motherly figure of affection and care, she is also the source of wisdom in Lora’s household. (Richard 2008) Both the novel and the film adaptation share a striking resemblance in themes of romance. At the end of the novel, a triangular love develops between Bea, Flake and Jessie. Similarly, the movie also projects similar storyline where Suzie in her teenage is enamored by Steve who is Lora’s fiance. This modernist woman’s picture has been a source of much controversy in both the novel and the movie. It has given rise to a lot of feminist speculations regarding the ordeals faced by single working mothers in male dominant societies. The melodramatic imagination of the filmmaker goes beyond the confines of the novel. The cinematic experience of Imitation of Life presents a spectrum of diverse interpretations which are not fully realized in the novel. It can be stated without an iota of doubt that the freedom of expression in any moving medium is utilized to its fullest potential by the director, all within the permissive limits of the reel world. Works cited Hurst, Fannie, and Daniel Itzkovitz. Imitation of Life. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Sirk, Douglas, and Lucy Fischer. Imitation of Life: Douglas Sirk, Director. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 1991. Handzo, Stephen. â€Å"Intimations of Lifelessness. † bright lights film journal 18 (1997) Richard, Cicely A. â€Å"Film Analysis: Imitation of Life. † suite101. com. May 26, 2008. 7 March 2009

Project Management Wembley - 1073 Words

A. Project Background i. Project Description The aim of the Wembley Stadium project was to build a new 90,000 seat state of art stadium. The new stadium was going to be used for a variety of functions ranging from football and rugby matches to concerts and private events. The stadium was to have a 50-year design life, and be both functional and architecturally significant. In addition, it was essential that the stadium allowed as much daylight and ventilation to reach the pitch as possible. A main goal was to have the build achieve UEFA five-star stadium status. The project was to be funded by a combination of state (National Lottery Fund) and private investment. Multiplex Multiplex is a global contractor based†¦show more content†¦B. Reasons for Project Failure i. The new Wembley stadium was completed in 2007—five years late,  £360m over budget, and surrounded by legal disputes. Before we perform our analysis, we would like to highlight some of the facts that lead to failure. Design Multiplex argued that Mott MacDonald’s design for the Wembley steel work was not fit for purpose and that the initial designs were not correct, constructible, coordinated and consistent. In other words, although the design looked good, it was very challenging and maybe impossible to replicate to scale. Scope Changes The initial scope was to include football, rugby, and athletics in the same stadium. This later became very controversial and resulted in the removal of athletics from the design in 1999, because of the technical and commercial challenges of accommodating three sports within the same stadium. In 2001, the scope was further changed with the removal of a hotel from the project, the expansion of hospitality suites, and considerably changes to the north side of the stadium. These changes took Mott MacDonald an additional 8 months to redesign. Contracting There was no formal bidding process. In addition, it appeared that not all bidders were treated equally. This can be seen when the bidding process was opened back up after the contractors were narrowed down toShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Wembley Stadium3222 Words   |  13 Pages Lina Varnelyte @00379698 Project management 08/12/2014 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Executive summary 3 3. Wembley Vision/Mission 3 4. Aims and objectives Read MoreAnalysis Of Wembley Stadium Project Management1454 Words   |  6 PagesA project is a temporary endeavour that creates a unique result. Time, budget, resources, and performance specifications, to meet requirements made by stakeholders, limit a project (Project Management Institute, 2013, pg.3). Project management is the application of tools, techniques, and knowledge to help achieve the three main constraints of scope, cost and time (Project Management Institute, 2013, pg.5). This applies managerial process and gives project managers the opportunity to make a projectRead MoreStadium Contracts1073 Words   |  5 PagesWembley Need to talk about criteria/ funding where the money came from The Wembley stadium was built using a Design and build Procurement strategy. A Design and build strategy is where a single contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the stadium. The client must specify the type of building they require and the contractor proposes the best design to meet this, this information was found at the web address Building.co.uk. A design and build project allows the lowRead MoreThe Complex Nature Of Major Infrastructure Projects1135 Words   |  5 PagesFALLACY STEINBACH, KEVIN (1512052) MSC PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUM104 - PROJECT PLANNING AND CONTROL DOMINIC AHIAGA-DAGBUI 2ND NOVEMBER 2015 424 WORDS 1. Introduction The complex nature of major infrastructure projects means they are heavily dependent on effective teamwork and integration between parties for their success. Gajendran and Brewer (2012) state that these aspects of project management are critical to the success of any project, however it is clear that implementing these effectivelyRead MoreWembley Stadium Essay4184 Words   |  17 Pages1.0 Introduction and Scope The New Wembley National Stadium was envisioned to be one of the largest and extraordinary stadiums in the world. It was designed to be constructed with a seating capacity of 90,000 and now stands as the most expensive stadiums ever built. The aim of the project was to build a state-of-the-art national stadium and sought to be the home of English Football and to host other large music concerts, Athletic games and Cup finals. Designed to be state-of-the-art with theRead MoreAnalysis Of English Stadium Project At Wembley : Contracting Process1810 Words   |  8 Pages2: Analysis of English Stadium Project at Wembley: Contracting Process Date: 23 November 2014 Table of Contents Part 1 – Cost Determination (Module 4) Page 3 Part 2 – Standardized Procurement Documentation and Procurement Constraints (module 5) Page 6 Part 3: Contract Negotiation, Contract Approval And Vendor Management (Module 6) Page 8 PART 1: COST DETERMINATION (MODULE 4) How were the costs determined for this project? Under the Mott Stadium ConsortiumRead MoreConstruction Project Failure1776 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: I have described the origins of construction project failure. In this paper, I analyzed the procedure of two different projects. I found both differences and similarities when I observed these two projects. The aforementioned projects are Wembley Stadium, the United Kingdom’s largest remodeled soccer stadium. Along with Wembley is the Hyderabad metro rail project, Asia s largest metro project, and this project has been deemed as the world s largest public-private partnership, yetRead MoreProject Management: Cpm Gantt4148 Words   |  17 PagesNetwork Diagram Gantt Chart: Critical Path The critical path for the Nottingham Rugby Stadium project is: Clear site – Drive support piles – Pour lower concrete base – Build roof supports – Construct roof – Install roof – Inspection This means these activities have no slack and therefore any delay in them will lead to the whole project being delayed. Project Duration The project commences on the Monday June 2nd 2008, and finishes on Friday January 14th 2011, which means work coversRead MoreEvaluation Of Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Building Information Modeling1807 Words   |  8 PagesEVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY EFFECTIVENESS OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A MODEL-BASED PARAMETRIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ADVANTAGE ANALYSIS Olanrewaju Akeem Yusuf School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK. Conventionally, underperformance in construction projects was linked to lack of capability to manage information among the project team of which contractual and organization structural solutions had beenRead MoreA Critique of the Critical Chain Approach to Project Management3777 Words   |  16 PagesCourse in Operations Management ASSIGNMENT 1: â€Å"A CRITIQUE OF THE CRITICAL CHAIN APPROACH TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT† 3,000 words excluding reference list and summary for Dr. Tom Mullen Anthony C Mould October 2003 Reprinted with the kind permission of Anthony C Moulds. This essay should be viewed as an example of a well written, structured, referenced and argued assignment. It has been issued to MBA students on commencement of their studies, prior to submission of their first assignment.

What Makes You Successful - 844 Words

Have you ever wanted something so badly in your life you would give up your own life for it? Many of us have felt like that at least once in our lives, whether it involves landing our dream job, getting accepted into the school of our dreams, or even getting that special someone. Willpower means having the determination and drive to accomplish whatever goal you might have. Having a strong willpower will only benefit you, it will help you overcome any obstacles and give you a push to never give up. Reflect back on a time in your life when you were highly motivated to accomplish a goal. What made you successful? Dancing has always been a big part of my life, it is my first love, and it will forever keep a special place in my heart. It has been a part of me since the age of 3, I slept, ate, and breathed for dance. I danced everyday for 10 years, but once I thought this was going to be my life forever, God had a different plan for me. On November 2007, my life changed completely, it was during a dance recital when I heard a tear. It was not until my dance routine had ended that I tried getting up but failed to do so, that was when I had realized that what I heard was the tear of one of my leg muscles. On the next day I went to get my leg checked out, which is when my doctor had confirmed that I had indeed torn one of my calf muscles. Of course I was devastated, it meant I had to put a pause on dancing to get surgery and rehab my leg. Not being able to dance made thisShow MoreRelat edDefinition Essay. Defining Success644 Words   |  3 Pagessuccess is in the eye of the beholder. More than three-fourths of your life is spent working to become successful. People are told during childhood to work as hard as they can so they can grow up and make lots of money. But the word success can be taken in many different ways. Everyone has a different understanding of what success means to them. Generally, success means fulfilling the goals that you set for yourself. For some, success is measured by popularity and riches; for others success is determinedRead MoreOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1340 Words   |  6 Pagesalso the founder of the O Magazine. Not only is she a successful entrepreneur, but she is also known as the richest woman in the world. (Marks-Ellis, 2008) Oprah Winfrey is the owner of all her companies. She is a spokesperson against child abuse because as a child, she experience being an abused. (Marks-Ellis, 2008) She manage and organize day to day activities for her company. She tells the people that works for her what she wants to see and what she don’t want to see on her network. Her networkRead MoreWhat Makes A Famous Quote By Thomas Edison1075 Words   |  5 Pagesrecipe that you can slap something together and become successful. These are great tips and inspirational articles available in journals, newspapers, and magazines and online, but it is up to you to decide which fit your life. These are the snippets that have caught my attention over the past few months, and I hope you will find this information helpful, too. 1. They have a definite purpose: The power is in the purpose. It doesn’t matter what the goal is, you just need to have one. Once you have aRead MoreWhat Makes a Business Successful?1072 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand my chosen career path better. I am familiar with the structure, policies and procedures within the corporate world, but I know there is more to a successful business than just what is seen on the surface. There are many aspects of a business that make it profitable and successful. If you have one person with a great idea you can make it successful. With our ever changing technology and the digital age, competition has become fierce. If companies do not keep up with the new technology, the businessRead MoreA Better Manager : What Makes A Good Manager?1417 Words   |  6 PagesA Better Manager 1 Conflict is when you are coming into a disagreement or an argument that may arise. As a manager in a workforce, that manager should always expect to have some sort of conflict; whether it is with other managers or subordinates that work under that management. There is very difference situation in which makes a good manager versus what makes a bad manager. For instance, most successful managers come from life experience such as learning the techniques of handlingRead MoreThe Success Of Success Quotes1492 Words   |  6 Pagesfeel like we are successful in life. We want to go to bed feeling like we have done something worthwhile with our day. But why is it that so many of us are not living a life of success? Why are so many of us giving up on success and settling for mediocrity? It all has to do with our mindset. We are who we believe we are, just as we are capable of becoming who we believe we can become. That s why success quotes are so important in life. They are quotes from some of the most successful people and theyRead MoreSuccessful Student Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesof a Successful Student. Are you a student who wants to be successful? All people can be good successful students, if they try hard and use self discipline to push them self harder. Being a successful student doesnt mean you are so smart you get to skip grades, it just means that you get good marks, work well with others, and dont get held back any grades. If you are a person who wants to keep your life on track, it takes hard work, determination, and patience. Being a successful studentRead MoreThe Complications Of Success By Russell Banks1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthat failures can lead to success based on what you do after failing, the reasons some may fail at becoming successful, and how certain ideas of success that other people have for you, can pull you away from your own ideas of success. Failures can either motivate you to try harder for success, or you can choose to let failures that take place make you unsuccessful. In these story’s it seems that the main character cannot become successful, because he has failed repeatedly at tryingRead MoreQualities Of A Successful Student1351 Words   |  6 PagesQualities of a Successful Student â€Å"Success is not an accident, it is hard work, perseverance, learning studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you are doing â€Å"- Pelà ©, soccer legend Success isn’t something you can frame on the wall. It is not something that you can attain one time and then discards it as being accomplished. It is not gifted to anyone; its hard work which leads to success because of determination. This is not a social status, no is it due to the amount of money you make, neitherRead MoreThe Key to Success in Life Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess is to Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life - think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. To me this quote embodies what is it takes to be successful. Much like a marathon the goal isnt to come in first place and win but to simply finish and to do that you have to want to keep going, the pace at which you do so is irrelevant as long as you finish. Success has no definite

Thomas Jefferson Declaration Of Independence Analysis

(A critic and political analysis of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence) Jefferson loved books and more especially classical ones† (Beran). Journalist and lawyer, Michael Beran, makes a clear reference to Thomas Jefferson, and his love of books. Books are what educated Jefferson and pushed him to become the great educated man the world knows today. Jefferson was born April 13th, 1743, during a time when to be educated, ment a person could comprehend the great classical books of human history. Jefferson understood the knowledge presented to him through classical books, and other documents, which in turn aided to his ability to be a strong political leader in a growing revolution. Jefferson lived through the entirety of the†¦show more content†¦To begin, the first persuasive technique used by Jefferson in (Dec.) is Jefferson’s understanding that he is dealing with an acrimonious audience, or an audience who disagrees with the views of the pr esenter. In this particular scenario, Jefferson’s audience is primarily the British Parliament, who greatly dislike the colonies and their choice to attempt separation from the British empire. In other words, the British Parliament, the audience of Jefferson’s declaration, greatly disapprove of the colonies choice to a separation, which is the main topic presented in (Dec.). Jefferson understands the position he is in when it comes to getting his audience to consider his point of view. Jefferson first understands that persuasion is a challenging of opinions, which means Jefferson must be careful what he says to keep his audience’s attention, an audience who does not want to see different perspectives on a subject they disagree with. One example of Jefferson’s ability to understand that he is dealing with a acrimonious audience occurs within the pages of his text, which lists, â€Å"He has kept among us in times of peace standing armies without the c onsent of our legislatures. He has effect toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson909 Words   |  4 Pageswhich everyone of us need to have. It is our vision. Dream is that what you want to do in future to achieve success in your life. The dream is mainly dependent on settings of one lives and one’s social status. For example, The Declaration of Independence was by Thomas Jefferson. His American Dream, was to make people free from Britishers and to be treated equally. Martin Luther King, gave a dream speech call freedom, but mostly for the African American who like himself. Everyone has American DreamRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Jefferson s The Declaration Of Independence1576 Words   |  7 PagesMany would say that America was built on the principle that â€Å"all men are created equal† and that U.S. citizens are all given equal treatment, opportunities, and so on. But, is that really the case? Was Thomas Jefferson’ s famous words, forever inscribed in the Declaration of Independence, meant for everyone? Taking a look back into America’s short (at least when compared to other countries) history, the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† doesn’t really seem to correlate with the circumstances of thatRead MoreDeclaration of Independence Essay example888 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas Jefferson is probably the most important person of the American Revolution. Many other prosperous and expressive young people were radical and serious; however the Congress’s most significant task was given to Thomas Jefferson - to compose the Declaration of Independence. People from the committee of the congress such as, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston selected Jefferson to compose the Declaration’s first draft. They were all aware that he was able to produceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr s Letter Of Birmingham Jail903 Words   |  4 Pagesact, speak, or think as one wants without the concern of being oppressed (Webster). Freedom, is a unique element to the mixture of liberty across the United States. Martin Luther King Jr’s a â€Å"letter of Birmingham Jail,† and Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence both advocate the claim for freedom. Both of these historical figures make this apparent by arguin g for the protest against tradition, a change across unjust laws, although they differ between the kinds of change to be enforcedRead More Argument Analysis - Declaration of Independence Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Analysis - Declaration of Independence In May of 1776 a resolution was passed at the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg that asked the thirteen American colonies to declare the United Colonies free and independent from the British crown. At the second continental congress the resolution passed and on June 11, 1776 a five-man committee led by Thomas Jefferson was established to write the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776 the members of the second continental congressRead MoreDeciphering Memory : John Adams And Authorship Of The Declaration Of Independence Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, I wanted to review â€Å"Deciphering Memory: John Adams and the Authorship of the Declaration of Independence† by Robert E. McGlone. Many people knew that Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. John Adams was one of the people who supported Independence and signed his name on the Declaration of Independence. From this article, I understood that memory could help people to find the truth. In the article, the author used lots resource and the pictures to explain that JohnRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Declaration Of Independence.1343 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is arguably the most important historical work of the pre-modern era. Because of this document, America was recognized for its brash, albeit just demands for independence from Britain. Aside from the obvious historical significance and precedence of the document, its composition was constructed in such a way that conveyed the determination of a new nation to be one in its own. Historical context and rhetoricalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essays1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Quang Thai Professor Allison English 101 2 September 2014 Rhetorical Analysis In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, explains to his readers why the colonies chose to abolish Great Britain’s government. His goal is to inform the readers that the government has certain responsibilities to the governed and that the British failed to adhere to its responsibilities to its colonists. His second goal is to justify their actions by explainingRead MoreUnited States Declaration of Independence Analysis Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesMy document is going to analyze the â€Å"United States Declaration of Independence† which was published on July 4th, 1776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress, states the reasons the British colonies of North America sought independence in July of 1776. The declaration opens with a preamble describing the documents necessity, in explaining why the colonies have overthrown their ruler, and chosen to take their place as a separate nation, and to be independentRead MoreAnalysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson was made in order to give the colonists a way to break free from the shackles of King George. This document has affected the building blocks of the United States and is one of the most important documents in U.S. history. The Declaration of Independance was the foundation of what this country was based on. However, what Jefferson and the other signers might not have expected is the strech, the firm

Human Resource Development and Workers Commitment in Nigeria Free Essays

INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper is to examine the role of human resource development and workers commitment in organization in particular and in Nigeria as a whole. For the purpose of this study, the concept of human resource development and manpower development will be used interchangeably. In any organization, it is the workforce who is considered important assets for the achievement of organizational goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Development and Workers Commitment in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every industry desires to maximize its human resources to see that the best output is achieved. Therefore, human resource development policies are closely associated to that aspect of human resource management that is concerned with investing in people and developing the organization’s human capital. Keep (1989) in his view say: one of the primary objectives of human resource management is the creation of condition whereby the latent potential of employees will be realized and their commitment to the causes of the organization secured. This latent potential is taken to include, not only the capacity to acquire and utilize new skills and knowledge but also a hitherto untapped wealth of ideas about how the organization’s operations might be better ordered. The issue for employers goes beyond the need to upgrade the skills of the current workforce. It is also necessary to equip future entrants to the workforce with the requisite education which make them ‘trainable’ for emerging and constantly changing skills requirement. It is generally believed that if overall human conditions are to improve, there must be increasing emphasis on human resources development. Appropriately, such development provides for increase in productivity, enhance competitiveness and support economic growth. The importance of human resources development is obvious when one considered that in any economic activity, it is the human element that commands, direct, organizes, controls and maximizes. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION Training and development remains a major component of human resource development. By definition, human resource (HR) is the manpower, employee or worker required by an organization; be it public or private to enable it achieves its predetermined objectives. That is, the purpose for which it is set up. It could mean the entire human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled) available within the country. Human resource development or otherwise manpower development is a continuous process of impacting new information, skills, attitude and ideas to employees dictated by the requirement of job change. It is a means of overcoming employee obsolescence through education and training. In other words, HR-development is a means by which employees are kept current on their official duties, this means in effect that it is the process of preparing the total quantitative and qualitative human asset in a nation or organization so that they can move with the nation or organizations as they develop, change and grow. Human resources development is a combination of training and education that ensure the continual improvement and growth of both the individual and the organization. Adam Smith stated that, â€Å"the capacities of individuals depended on their access to education†. In economic term, it could be describe as the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the development of a nation’s economy. In political term, manpower or HR development prepares people for adult participation in political process particularly as a citizen in democratic country. On the whole, HRD is the process of planning and controlling the way in which a person’s performance and potentials are developed by training and educational development programmes. WORKERS COMMITMENT A wide variety of definitions and measure of workers commitment exist. Beckeri, Randal, and Riegel (1995) defined the term in a three dimensions: 1. a strong desire to remain a member of a particular organization; 2. a willingness to exert high levels of efforts on behalf of the organization; 3. a define belief in and acceptability of the values and goals of the organization. To Northcraft and Neale (1996), commitment is an attitude reflecting an employee’s loyalty to the organization, and an ongoing process through which organization members express their concern for the organization and its continued success and well being. Organizational commitment is determined by a number of factors, including personal factors (e. g. , age, tenure in the organization, disposition, internal or external control attributions); organizational factors (job design and the leadership style of one’s supervisor); non-organizational factors (availability of alternatives). All these things affect subsequent commitment (Nortcraft and Neale, 1996). Mowday, Porter, and Steer (1982) see commitment as attachment and loyalty. These authors describe three components of commitment: ? an identification with the goals and values of the organization ? A desire to belong to the organization. ?A willingness to display effort on behalf of the organization. A similar definition of commitment emphasizes the importance of behaviour in creating it. Salancik (1977) conceives commitment as a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his actions and it is these actions that sustain his activities and involvement. From this definition, it can be inferred that three features of behavior are important in binding individuals to act: visibility of acts, the extent to which the outcomes are irrevocable; and the degree to which the person undertakes the action voluntarily. To Salancik therefore, commitment can be increased and harnessed to obtain support for the organizational ends and interests through such things as participation in decision-making. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND WORKERS COMMITMENT IN NIGERIA The most important strategy for productivity improvement is based on the fact that human productivity, both high and low is determined by the attitudes of all those who work in the enterprise. Thus, to improve labour commitment, it is necessary to change attitude towards positive drive. These changes develop positive attitudes and an organizational culture which will be favourable towards productivity improvement as well as technological changes. To improve productivity, it is therefore necessary to manage change; this means motivating, inducing and generating change. Ashton and Felstead (1995) regard the investment by an organisation in the skills of employees as a ‘litmus test’ for a change in the way they are manages. First, the replacement of the words ‘training cost’ with investment responses to the outcomes of HRD where the continuation of viewing training s a short-term cost has persistently acted as a powerful break of many training strategies. Having defined human resource development as the study and practice of increasing the learning capacity of individuals, groups, collectives, and organizations through the development and application of learning-based interventions for the purpose of optimizing human and organizational growth and effectiveness, it is indicated that formal training enhances employees’ organizational commitment. Sharma 1989 had also found a correlation between training and organizational commitment. Organizations that offer employees a relative high degree of development opportunities and internal career possibilities were also found to have opportunities has also been reported to have a positive effect on perceived rationalism of the employment relation, which is also said to have accounted for higher levels of commitment and job satisfaction. In organizations that offer training opportunities, employee commitment and citizenship behaviour are found to be higher than in organizations that do not offer the same. Studies has also shown that violation of perceived training obligations result in reduced organizational commitment and increased intentions to leave the organization. Tannenbaum et al. (1991) found that naval recruits who participated in an 8-week training held higher levels of affective commitment than before the training. EQUITY THEORY The theory was propounded by Adam Staley John in 1963 and this theory calls for a fair balance to be struck between an employee’s input (hard work, skill level, tolerance, enthusiasm etc. ) and employee’s output (salary, benefits, recognition etc). According to the theory, finding this fair balance serves to ensure a strong and productive relationship achieved with the employee, with the overall result being contended, motivated employees. Adam’s Equity Theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect an employee assessment and perception of their relationship with their work and their employer. The theory is built on the belief that employees become de-motivated, both in relation to their job and their employer if they feel as though their inputs are greater than the output. This theory also compares the input and output between different workers at different levels. Bringing this theory to the level of work commitment in Nigeria, it will be noted that workers are highly de-motivated because of the inequality between their various input and their output. For instance, comparing the input of a University Professor with that of a Senator and relating it to their output, this will highly de-motivate professor to work. And these are some of the problem affecting workers commitment in Nigeria. HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY Human Capital theory was proposed by Schultz (1961) and developed extensively by Becker (1964). According to the theory, it suggests that education or training raises the productivity of workers by imparting useful knowledge and skills, hence raising workers’ future income by increasing their lifetime earnings (Becker, 1994). It postulates that expenditure on training and education is costly, and should be considered an investment since it is undertaken with a view to increasing personal incomes. The human capital approach is often used to explain occupational wage differentials. Human capital can be viewed in general terms, such as the ability to read and write, or in specific terms, such as the acquisition of a particular skill with a limited industrial application. In his view, human capital is similar to â€Å"physical means of production†, e. g. , factories and machines: one can invest in human capital (via education, training, medical treatment) and one’s outputs depend partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns. Thus, human capital is a means of production, into which additional investment yields additional output. Human capital is substitutable, but not transferable like land, labor, or fixed capital. This suggest that for human resource development to be effective and for workers to be more committed to the organization, the organizations concerned need to be more involved in the training and re-training of its workforce. THE HUMAN CAPITAL MODEL The human capital model suggests that an individual’s decision to invest in training is based upon an examination of the net present value of the costs and benefits of such an investment. Individuals are assumed to invest in training during an initial period and receive returns to the investment in subsequent periods. Workers pay for training by receiving a wage which is lower than what could be received elsewhere while being trained. Since training is thought to make workers more productive, workers collect the returns from their investment in later periods through higher marginal roducts and higher wages. Human capital models usually decompose training into specific training, which increases productivity in only one firm, and general training, which increases productivity in more than one firm. Purely general training is financed by workers, and the workers receive all of the returns to this training. In contrast, employees and employers will share in the costs and returns o f specific training. Despite these differences between general and specific training, the model predicts that both forms of training lower the starting wage and increase wage growth. THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT Human resource development in Nigeria has come a long way, but the process of actual resource development has been very gradual. Nigerian attempt at human resources development in particular cannot be separated from the country’s post-colonial attempt at accelerated education and industrialization. In a broader sense, every post colonial government’s investment in education has been for the purpose of providing the manpower which the nation needs in it private and public sectors. This led to the establishment of three (3) Universities by the three regional governments of West, East, and the North (University of Ibadan which is the first) and the establishment of University of Lagos by the federal government all within the first decade of post independence Nigeria. As a result of the country’s quest for technological development, polytechnics and universities of technology as stream in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Provision of universities and polytechnics education were meant to provide the national economy with the manpower it needs to develop and expand. The emphasis on formal and higher education as a basis of national human resource development was quite apparent in all the national development plans of post independence Nigeria. Gradually, the nation’s economic planners shifted attention to intervention in the areas of training and manpower development. In fairness to our earlier economic planners, Onasanya (2005) believes that â€Å"without education, there can be no training and without the two, there can be no development†. Government’s attempt at strengthening training and development in the national economy led to the establishment of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1971; Administrative and Staff Training College of Nigeria (ASCON) in 1973; and Centre for Management Development (CMD) in 1976. The idea behind the three establishments is the provision of consultancy on training needs all enterprise, training higher level manpower staff, and conducting research into problems of manpower and administration in public and private sectors. Onasanya (2005) also believe government’s intervention as stated above must be appreciated in the Nigeria context because, â€Å"until recently, and probably until the intervention of the government (training was one of the ill-managed and haphazardly handled areas of modern enterprises. Training and development was seen as a waste of a workers labour hours (to his employer) and a way of denying the employer the service of the employee. The above analysis is not to take away the concerted effort in the public and private sectors towards training and human resource development. Public sector workers have many structured training programmes and many government have a ministry of establishment and training, as well as designated training centres. In the private sector, some notable sectors such as banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing industries are more proficient in training today than in the past. The efficiency of manpower training and new technology has helped these sectors in terms of better service delivery. But, are workers really committed in Nigeria? Workers’ commitment or otherwise in Nigeria is more than whether there human capacity is developed because there are many factors affecting workers motivation and commitment in Nigeria. The global economic meltdown has meant less security for workers in Nigeria and throughout the world. Even good workers do lose their jobs at these times, hence morale is generally low. Other factors such as culture, god-fatherism, ICT and other modern technologies have impacted negatively on workers morale and productivity in Nigeria. The gradual decimation of the power of labour unions have also not helped matter. TOOLS/METHOD FOR MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS The tools and methods for manpower development in organizations differs, and it is largely determined by the objectives of organizations, the idiosyncrasy of management staff or the chief executive, the organizational policy, as well as the organizational environment to mention a few. Thus, it is a common feature to see methods for manpower development varying from one organization to the other, just as a given organization can be tailored at adopting different methods at different times or a combination of techniques t the same time. However, some methods for manpower development are stated below: 1. Orientation: This method of manpower development could be said to be an integral part of the recruitment exercise in that once an employee has been found appointable, it is expected that such an employee need to be positively oriented in line with the vision and aspiration of the organization for effective discharge of function. And since employee function in an organization is basically affected by his perception of the organization vis-a-vis the rules and principles that exist in the organization. It therefore follow that an employee undergoes formal and informal orientation in a place of work. While the formal orientation focuses on job specification and occupational demands placed on the employee, the informal orientation involve the social interaction that take place in the place of work which could either boost productivity or be detrimental to it (Koontz et al. 1980). Orientation therefore, as a method of manpower development is quite indispensable because it helps in boosting the productivity of workers which is needed for competing in the global market of the 21st century. . On the Job Method of Manpower Development: This method is basically different from the orientation method in that while orientation is at the point of entry into the organization or a new assignment; on the job method is a process through which knowledge and experience are acquired over a period of time either formally or informally. This process involve the following: (a)Coaching: This is a method of on the job training and development in which a young employee is attached to a senior employee with the purpose of acquiring knowledge and experience needed for the performance of tasks. Yalokwu, 2000). (b) Job Rotation: This method either involve the movement of an employee from one official assignment or department to the other, in order for the employee to be acquainted with the different aspects of the work process or through job enlargement – that is, given additional responsibility to an employee who has been uplifted as a result of the acquisition of additional skill or knowledge (Yalokwu, 2000; Lawal, 2006). (c) in House Training: This involve a formal method of on the job training n which skills and knowledge are acquired by employees through internally organized seminars and workshops geared toward updating the workers with new techniques or skills associated with the performance of their jobs. (Lawal, 2006). (d) In Service Training: These methods involve trainin g outside the organization or workplace in higher institution of learning or vocational centres under the sponsorship of the organization or on terms that may be agreed upon between the organization and the worker (Lawal, 2006). 3. Committee/Work Group Method: This method entails manpower development through the involvement of employees in meetings, committees and work group discussion geared towards injecting inputs in form of decision making as regard solving organizational problem. This method is quite indispensable, especially in the aspect of training employees for managerial functions or heading organizational units. 4. Vestibule Training Method: This is a method of manpower development through the acquisition of skills in a related working environment (Nongo, 2005). Under this method the trainee practices his skill with identical equipment that he uses or he is expected to use in his actual place of work. This method is most suitable for sensitive operations where maximal perfection is expected. The purpose is therefore to enable perfection at work place. 5. Apprenticeship Method: This method of manpower development involve the acquisition of skill through extensive practice for over a period of time by the trainee. This type of manpower development device could either be formal or informal. In the informal environments the trainee is attached to the trainer, and he/she is expected to pay for an agreed period of apprenticeship (Nongo, 2005). In the formal environment on the other hand, an employee of an organization could be placed under apprenticeship in the organization with pay. THE RELEVANCE OF MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1. Economic Development: The relevance of manpower development in Nigeria could be situated vis-a-vis economic development. This is because manpower development captures the actual meaning of development in that it is people centered (World Bank 1991; Grawboski and Shields 1996). In addition, it involves the building of capacity and harnessing the State’s human resource which constitute a sine-qua-non for development. The above advantage was vividly conceptualized by Harbison (1973) when he stated that: Human resources constitute the ultimate basis for wealth of nations, capital and natural resources are passive factors of production; human beings are the active agents who accumulate capital, exploit natural resources, build social, economic and political organizations, and carry forward national development. Clearly a country which is unable to develop the skills and knowledge of its people and to utilize them effectively in the national economy will be unable to develop anything else. 2. Political Stability: There is no doubt that a country which fails to adequately develop her manpower would be doing so at the expense of her socio-economic and political stability. In the aspect of political stability, Omodia (2004) stressed the dysfunctional use of the nation’s human resource among the youths in propelling political instability when he stated that: †¦there has been situations in which the Nigerian youth especially, those of poor family background were used as tools for disrupting the political democratic system through rigging, thuggery and ethnic conflicts. These factors of rigging, thuggery in addition to economic mismanagement, personal ambition or selfishness among others, were the factors that terminated the First and Second Republic. Thus, manpower development could help the youths in the development of self and in improving the quality of their political participation. 3. Poverty Alleviation: It has been argued that effective poverty alleviation scheme must involve the development and utilization of local resource including human for solving local problems (Robb, 2000; Omodia, 2005). Thus, manpower development is central to solving the present problem of poverty in Nigeria. CHALLENGES FACING MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1. Colonial Experience: There have been several arguments regarding the distortions in manpower development of national growth in Nigeria as a result of colonialism which was fashioned towards economic exploitation (Ekpo, 1989; Ake, 2001; Dauda, 2003). It could be recalled that the advent of colonialism led to the integration of the Nigerian economy into the World Capitalist System thereby placing minimum premium on labour when compared to other factors of production. This poor performance of indigenous labour by the colonial government no doubt has persisted in the post-colonial Nigerian State. As a result, this problem account for the lack of adequate attention given to labour as a critical part of the production process in Nigeria. 2. Poor Political Leadership: Closely related to the problem of colonial experience as a problem of manpower development in Nigeria is poor political leadership which is further deepening the problem of manpower development in Nigeria. This factor has manifested itself in poor funding of education over the years (Baikie, 2002), disparity or class in manpower development between children of the rich and the poor (Omodia, 2006). 3. Poor Manpower Planning: This problem is associated with the poor data base that is needed for manpower planning in Nigeria both in the rural and urban centers. This problem no doubt constitutes a major hindrance on effective manpower development in Nigeria (Baikie, 2002; Oku 2003). 4. Poor Funding: Nigeria’s democracy has enhanced the practice of human resource development, determining the quota of expatriates it permits. Nigeria’s economy allows the importation of new technology to enhance human resource development, but training is still a bit slow, thus employment of expatriates to handle such is still encouraged. In Nigeria there is application of new management techniques and skills used in the running of organizations. All aimed at running cost effective system. 5. The socio-cultural diversity of Nigeria has influenced the human resource management practices in Nigeria. Nigeria is characterized by over reliance on culture, language, religion, gender and educational qualifications as a basis for determining who get employed and who need to be trained and re-trained. What this means is that, the opportunity for an average Nigeria to get employed is a factor of the aforementioned cases. CONCLUSION This paper have been able to situate or relate what could be referred to as manpower underdevelopment to socio-economic and political problems in Nigeria by looking at such factors as poverty, political instability and economic underdevelopment. From this background, it is therefore important to conclude that human resource development as a concept and method should be able to take its rightful place as a tool for development in Nigeria through the recognition of the fact that it is the most active and indispensable in the process of production even in the global age of the 21st century. RECOMMENDATION FOR EFFECTIVE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA The options recommended for effective manpower development in Nigeria could be viewed from two basic perspectives: 1. The option of an enhanced regulatory capability on the part of government for effective reinforcement of manpower policies. This is quite indispensable based on the need to ensure quality manpower development irrespective of sex, class, ethnic affiliation to mention a few. This point could best be appreciated considering the liberal nature of most government policies which tend to snowball into elitist benefit in terms of policy outcome. 2. The need for government to be persuasive in making organizations embraces well designed policies at improving the development of manpower in Nigeria. This could be done both internally and externally. Internally, organizations should be made to see reasons why a careful manpower development plan should form part of their plans and objectives for the financial year. As a matter of fact, the success of organizations should not only be measured in terms of the magnitude of profit through the adoption of outdated personnel administration technique, but, basically on the contribution of the organization in enlarging the confidence of its workers through manpower development. The external factor involves the contribution of organization to the development of manpower through financial support meant to boost adult education, vocational education, and specialized research institutes to mention a few. REFERENCES Ake, C. (2001): Democracy and Development in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited. Baikie, A. (2002): Recurrent Issues in Nigeria Education. Zaria: Tamaza Publishing Company. Becker, G. S. (1964): Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press. Dauda, S. (2003): The Crisis of Development in Africa: The Democratic Imperatives. J Dev Soc, Ekpo, A. H. (1989): Manpower Development in Nigeria. In: SC Ogbuagu (Ed. ): Strategy For National Development In Nigeria. Calabar: University of Calabar Press. FGN (1998): National Policy on Education. Lagos: Federal Government Press. Grabowski, R. , Shields, M. (1996): Development Economics. USA: Blackwell Publishers Incorporation. Harbison, F. (1973): Human Resources as the Wealth of Nations. New York: Oxford University Press. Koontz, H; O’Donnel. C; Weihrich, H. (1980): Management. Japan: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. Lawal, M. M. (2006): Manpower Management: A Hand Book for Personnel Managers and Students of Administration. Abuja: Roots Books and Journals Nigeria Limited. Nongo, S. (2005): Fundamental of Management, Makurdi: Aboki Publishing Company. Oku, O. (2003): The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme: Issues and Problems of Policy Implementation. J Nig Langs Cul, Omeje,J. O. (2006): Developmental Psychology. Nnike Publishing Press, Enugu. Omodia, S. (2004): The Family as a Vehicle for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. J Fam Dev. Omodia, S. (2005): Poverty Alleviation in a Deregulated Economy. Challenges and Prospects For Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. J Adm. Omodia, S. (2006): The Liberal and Elitist Perception of Public Policies in Nigeria: A Focus on the National Policy on Women and Education in the Nigerian Fourth Republic. Acad For Onasanya, S. A. B. (2005):Effective Personnel Management and Industrial Relation. Centre for Management Development, Lagos. Robb, C. M. (2002): Can the Poor Influence Policy? USA: World Bank. Sharma, B. R. (1989): A Study of the Relationship of Organizational Climate with Organisational; Commitment and Psychological Well being, PhD Thesis, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. Tannenbaum, S. L; Mathieu, J. E; Salas, E. Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1991): Meeting Trainees’ Expectations: The Influence of Training Fulfillment on the Development of Commitment, Self-eficacy, and Motivation. The Journal of Applied Psychology. World Bank (1991): World Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press. Yalokwu, P. O. (2000): Management: Concept and Techniques . Lagos: Peak Publishers. How to cite Human Resource Development and Workers Commitment in Nigeria, Essay examples

Pink Eye free essay sample

Symptoms of Conjunctivitis The most common symptom for conjunctivitis is redness of the eyes. Blurred vision and sensitivity to light are also signs of the infection. As the infection gets worse the symptoms increase. A discharge is very common with conjunctivitis and patients with this discharge notice that it yellowish, thick and look like pus. When you wake up your eyes will be crusted together from this discharge. Other indication of conjunctivitis is burning or itching of the eye, continuous tearing, a scratchy feeling in the eye, swollen or red eye lids, hazy vision (due to the infection, tears, or puss).What causes Conjunctivitis The most common cause is viruses or bacteria. Dry eyes or over exposure to wind and sun can also cause conjunctivitis. Tears have natural enzymes and antibiotics that help protect your eyes so lack of tears can cause this infection. Using extended wear contacts lenses (contacts that stay in your eyes for longer than 24 hours) also higher your risk for getting conjunctivitis, because the lenses hold bacteria in the lenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Pink Eye or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Allergic reactions to cosmetics, pollen, chlorine in a swimming pool, or chemicals will also cause an infection that in terms causes pink eye. Types of ConjunctivitisThere are a few different types of conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis is most common and is caused by adenoviruses, which are responsible for the infection. While dealing with viral conjunctivitis it is important to see your doctor for antibiotics. Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by the bacteria Staphylococci and Streptococci. The bacteria in bacterial conjunctivitis are also what causes ear infections, a runny nose, cough, and sore throat. Thus is a reason you should see your doctor for antibiotics as soon as possible. Allergic pink eye is caused by allergens such as animal dander, dust, and seasonal pollen.The good thing about allergic pink eye is, it’s mostly just seasonal and most over the counter allergy medications will cure it. Chemical pink eye usually happens when any irritating substance enters the eye. Common irritants are smoke, perfume, fog, household cleaners, sprays of any kind (including hair spray), and industrial pollutants. Neonatal conjunctivitis is found in newborns, if left untreated can cause blindness. If a mother who’s pregnant has a sexually transmitted disease (STD) its likely that the child will be born with the infection. Although it’s uncommon in the U.S Chlamydia Pink Eye is very common in Africa and Middle Eastern countries. Chlamydia pink eye is from the sexually transmitted disease (STD) Chlamydia. The medication for this type is slightly different from the other types, and is not recommended to children under the age of nine because it can stain or discolor their teeth. Treatment of Conjunctivitis The only treatment for conjunctivitis is seeing your doctor and getting a prescription for an antibiotic. The antibiotic comes in eye drops or ointment, the ointment is usually prescribed for newborns and infants.There are however some home remedies that will ease the discomfort. African tribes believe that using urine on a rag or towel and placing that on the eye will relieve the itching. Washing your eyes using chamomile flower tea is known to reduce the swelling, putting a moist chamomile tea bag on a closed eye for at least 10 minutes will ease the redness and is safe to use every few hours, increase salads and green leafy vegetables, do not use any contact lenses until your pink eye is gone, and stay away from cigarettes and alcohol.Prevention of Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis i s highly contagious. To help prevent the spread of conjunctivitis you should make sure you change your pillowcases regularly, do not share towels, wash your hands often, don’t share cosmetics and throw away any make up that you have used (most important mascara and eyeliner), clean contact lenses properly.Spreading pink eye from one eye to another is very common to prevent this, when wiping the drainage from the affected eye use a tissue and make sure you throw it away and do not use the same tissue on both eyes. Conclusion In closing, conjunctivitis is a highly contagious infection that is very irrigating and last about 4-7 days. However with proper actions, some home remedies and a doctor visit this infection can be less aggregating and uncomfortable.